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Scientific entity. See the evidence framework and authority dashboard.
How ESA connects across Asteria Star — scientific, cultural, and astrological links are kept separate.
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Cassini–Huygens was a NASA–ESA–ASI mission launched in 1997 that orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017 and delivered the Huygens probe to the surface of its moon Titan.
The International Space Station is a crewed modular space station in low Earth orbit, operated as a partnership among NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, and the CSA.
An ESA space observatory charting the positions, distances, and motions of nearly two billion stars in the Milky Way.
BepiColombo is a joint ESA–JAXA mission of two orbiters travelling to Mercury, arriving in the mid-2020s.
Venus Express was ESA's first mission to Venus, studying its dense atmosphere from orbit.
Mars orbiter · ESA · launched 2003.
JUICE is ESA's mission to study Jupiter's icy moons Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa.
Comet orbiter & lander · ESA · launched 2004.
Solar observatory · ESA / NASA · launched 2020.
Titan lander · ESA · launched 1997.
The Rosetta mission's lander, the first spacecraft to make a soft landing on a comet, in 2014.
The German Aerospace Center is the national centre for aerospace, energy, and transportation research of Germany, and the country's space agency.
The Centre National d'Études Spatiales is the French government space agency, a major contributor to ESA programmes and operator of the Guiana Space Centre.
The Agenzia Spaziale Italiana is Italy's national space agency, a significant contributor to ESA and to international planetary science missions.
The UK Space Agency is the executive agency responsible for the United Kingdom's civil space programme and its participation in ESA.
The Lunar Gateway is a planned small space station in orbit around the Moon, to be built by NASA and international partners as part of the Artemis program. It is not yet operational.
Harmony (Node 2) is a connecting module that provides docking ports for visiting crewed spacecraft and links the US, European, and Japanese laboratories.
Columbus is ESA's research laboratory on the ISS, hosting European and international microgravity experiments.
Tranquility (Node 3) houses much of the ISS life-support equipment and exercise machines, and connects to the Cupola.
The Cupola is a seven-windowed observation module built by ESA, used for Earth observation and to control the station's robotic arm.
Orion is NASA's deep-space crew vehicle for the Artemis program, with a European Service Module built by ESA; it flew uncrewed around the Moon on Artemis I.
ESA's Automated Transfer Vehicle was a large uncrewed cargo craft that resupplied and reboosted the ISS from 2008 to 2014.
Samantha Cristoforetti — an ESA astronaut, the first Italian woman in space, who later commanded the International Space Station.
Herschel was ESA's far-infrared and submillimeter observatory (2009–2013), with the largest single mirror ever flown in space at the time.
ESA's Planck mission (2009–2013) mapped the cosmic microwave background with unprecedented precision, refining the age and composition of the universe.
Euclid is ESA's mission to map the geometry of the dark universe, surveying billions of galaxies to study dark matter and dark energy.
SOHO, a joint ESA–NASA mission, has studied the Sun from the L1 point since 1995 and is also the most prolific discoverer of comets.
The catalogue produced by ESA's Hipparcos mission, the first space astrometry survey, giving high-precision parallaxes, positions, and magnitudes. It established the modern distance scale of the nearby Galaxy.
The European Space Agency's global network of ground tracking stations that communicates with ESA's Earth-orbiting and deep-space missions.
A Copernicus radar-imaging mission providing all-weather, day-and-night synthetic-aperture radar imagery of land and ocean.
A Copernicus optical-imaging mission delivering high-resolution multispectral imagery for land monitoring, agriculture, and disaster response.
A Copernicus mission monitoring ocean and land surface temperature, colour, and topography for climate and marine services.
ESA's pioneering astrometry satellite, which precisely measured the positions, distances, and motions of over 100,000 stars — the forerunner of Gaia. An apogee-motor failure left it in a highly elliptical orbit, yet it still delivered landmark astrometric catalogues.
ESA's mission to Halley's Comet, which flew through the comet's coma in 1986 and returned the first close-up images of a cometary nucleus, later re-targeted to comet Grigg–Skjellerup.
ESA's planetary-defense mission to the Didymos–Dimorphos binary, launched in 2024 to survey the aftermath of NASA's DART impact in detail.
An ESA (with JAXA) fast-class mission that will wait at the Sun–Earth L2 point for a suitable target, then fly by a pristine, dynamically-new comet — ideally one entering the inner Solar System for the first time, or even an interstellar object.
ESA's first deep-space antenna (DSA 1), a 35 m dish in Western Australia, supporting Estrack's interplanetary missions.
ESA's second deep-space antenna (DSA 2), a 35 m dish in central Spain.
ESA's third deep-space antenna (DSA 3), a 35 m dish in Argentina — the southern-hemisphere member of Estrack's deep-space trio.
An Estrack ground station in the Canary Islands, used for launch and early-orbit support and near-Earth tracking.
ESA's mission-control centre in Darmstadt, Germany, from which the agency operates its scientific and interplanetary spacecraft through the Estrack network.
ESA's largest establishment and technical heart, in Noordwijk, the Netherlands. ESTEC designs and tests almost every ESA spacecraft and instrument before flight.
ESA's establishment for Earth observation, in Frascati, Italy. ESRIN acquires, processes, and distributes data from Europe's Earth-observation satellites and hosts ESA's Living Planet programme.
ESA's centre for space science operations and archives, near Madrid, Spain. ESAC runs the science operations and data archives for ESA's astronomy and planetary missions, from Gaia and XMM-Newton to Mars Express.
ESA's centre for the European astronaut corps, in Cologne, Germany. EAC trains ESA astronauts for missions to the International Space Station and prepares them for exploration beyond low Earth orbit.
A national or multinational government body that funds, directs, and carries out a country's space program — from human spaceflight and robotic exploration to Earth observation and launch. NASA, ESA, JAXA, ISRO, Roscosmos, and CNSA are the largest.
ESA's Venus orbiter, working alongside the NASA Venus missions to understand why Earth's near-twin became so inhospitable — studying the planet as a whole system.
ESA's next great X-ray observatory — designed to study the hot, energetic universe, from the gas that binds galaxy clusters to the black holes that shaped galaxies, at far higher sensitivity than today's X-ray telescopes.
A space-based gravitational-wave observatory — three spacecraft forming a giant laser interferometer to hear the low-frequency ripples in spacetime that ground detectors cannot, from the mergers of the largest black holes.
ESA's science-data archives, hosted at the European Space Astronomy Centre, holding the observations of Europe's astronomy and planetary missions — from Gaia and XMM-Newton to Mars Express and Euclid.
The operational space-weather arm of the European Space Agency's Space Safety programme, delivering forecasts, warnings, and data products — on solar activity, the near-Earth environment, and the ionosphere — to European operators of satellites, power grids, aviation, and navigation. The European counterpart to NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center.
An astrometric and photometric catalogue of about 2.5 million of the brightest stars, derived from the star-mapper data of ESA's Hipparcos satellite. Named in honour of Tycho Brahe, it provides positions, proper motions, and two-colour photometry, and its 'TYC' identifiers are a standard reference for stars fainter than the main Hipparcos catalogue.
The American Association of Variable Star Observers — for more than a century, the organisation that gathers variable-star observations from amateurs worldwide into a single database that professional astronomers draw on. The model for how amateur and professional astronomy work together.
The Agência Espacial Brasileira is the civilian agency responsible for Brazil's space programme.
The Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers, which coordinates amateur observation of the Moon, the planets, comets, and asteroids — organising observing programmes and archiving the results so that amateur monitoring of the Solar System adds up to something lasting.
Arianespace is a European launch service provider that markets and operates launches of the Ariane family of rockets from the Guiana Space Centre.
The Agenzia Spaziale Italiana is Italy's national space agency, a significant contributor to ESA and to international planetary science missions.
A commercial operator of a low-Earth-orbit constellation for rapid-revisit Earth imaging.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
European missions, observatories, and space science imagery.