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Loading contentOne of the central open questions in solar physics: why the corona, at a million or more kelvin, is hundreds of times hotter than the photosphere below it. Leading candidate mechanisms include heating by many tiny reconnection events (nanoflares) and by magnetic waves; missions such as Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter are testing them. No single answer is yet established.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.
Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.