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Loading contentThe statistical machinery that turns a spectrum into numbers: models of an atmosphere are compared against the data, usually with Bayesian inference, to find the mix of gases, temperatures, and clouds that best explains it — along with honest uncertainties. Retrieval is how a wiggly spectrum becomes a measured abundance.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.
Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.