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Loading contentThe launch of Sputnik opened astronomy to the whole electromagnetic spectrum from above the atmosphere. Space telescopes, radio astronomy, and new detectors revealed the cosmic microwave background, pulsars, quasars, and the first worlds beyond the Sun.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.
Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.
European missions, observatories, and space science imagery.