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Geomagnetic index · S1–S5

NOAA S-Scale (Solar Radiation Storms)

NOAA's five-level scale for solar radiation (energetic-particle) storms, from S1 to S5, describing the radiation hazard to astronauts, high-altitude flights, and spacecraft.

Knowledge connections

Sources

The primary and reference sources this topic draws on.

  • NOAA Solar CalculatorNOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory

    Public-domain solar-position geometry: sunrise, sunset, solar noon, twilight, declination, and the equation of time.

    Public domain (US Government work).