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Loading contentHow the measurable — brightness, colour, spectrum, motion — becomes the physical: a star's temperature, luminosity, mass, radius, chemical composition (metallicity), and age, mostly inferred through models rather than measured directly.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.
Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.