Networks
The deep-space and near-Earth communication networks — NASA's DSN, ESA's Estrack, the Near Space Network, and the national and commercial networks.
- Chinese Deep Space NetworkNetwork
China's deep-space tracking network, operated for CNSA, with large antennas at Jiamusi (66 m) and Kashgar (35 m) in China and a station in Argentina. It supports China's lunar (Chang'e) and planetary (Tianwen) missions.
- Operator
- CNSA / CLTC
A growing set of commercial providers — such as KSAT, SSC, and Goonhilly — that offer deep-space and near-Earth ground-station support on a service basis, augmenting the government networks as mission traffic grows. NASA's Near Space Network increasingly buys commercial services alongside its own antennas.
- Operator
- KSAT, SSC, Goonhilly and other commercial providers
- Deep Space Network (DSN)Network
NASA's international array of giant radio antennas — the backbone of deep-space communication and navigation. Three complexes spaced about 120° apart in longitude (Goldstone, Madrid, Canberra) keep any distant spacecraft in view as Earth rotates, providing tracking, telemetry, command, and radiometric navigation for missions across the Solar System and beyond.
- Operator
- NASA / JPL
- ESTRACKNetwork
The European Space Agency's global tracking-station network, including deep-space antennas at New Norcia (Australia), Cebreros (Spain), and Malargüe (Argentina). It provides communication and navigation for ESA's interplanetary missions and cross-supports partner agencies.
- Operator
- ESA
- Indian Deep Space NetworkNetwork
ISRO's deep-space network, centred on the 32 m and 18 m antennas at Byalalu near Bengaluru. It provided tracking and communication for the Chandrayaan lunar missions and the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan).
- Operator
- ISRO
- JAXA Deep Space NetworkNetwork
Japan's deep-space tracking network, run by JAXA/ISAS, centred on the Usuda Deep Space Center in Nagano (a 64 m antenna) and the newer 54 m Misasa antenna. It supported the Hayabusa asteroid missions and Japan's other deep-space probes.
- Operator
- JAXA / ISAS
- Near Space NetworkNetwork
NASA's network for missions near Earth — out to roughly the Moon and the Sun–Earth Lagrange points — formed by merging the ground-based Near Earth Network with the space-based Space Network (the TDRS relay satellites). It provides direct-to-ground and relay links, and now hosts optical (laser) communication demonstrations.
- Operator
- NASA / Goddard
- Russian Deep Space NetworkNetwork
Russia's deep-space communication facilities, operated by Roscosmos, with large antennas at Ussuriysk in the Far East and historically at Bear Lakes and Yevpatoria (Crimea). It descends from the Soviet deep-space network that supported the Luna, Venera, and Mars probes.
- Operator
- Roscosmos