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Exploration architecture

Crewed Deep-Space Propulsion

Getting a crew to Mars quickly enough to limit their exposure to weightlessness and radiation. Chemical rockets are proven but heavy on propellant; nuclear-thermal and nuclear-electric propulsion promise shorter transits, while solar-electric tugs can pre-position cargo ahead of the crew.

Knowledge connections

Sources

The primary and reference sources this topic draws on.

  • NASANational Aeronautics and Space Administration

    Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.

    Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.