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Cosmic epoch · Cosmology

Recombination

Cosmology & UniverseEstablished Science

Definition

The moment the cooling Universe let electrons and protons combine into neutral atoms, allowing light to travel freely for the first time.

Scientific overview

As the Universe expanded and cooled to about 3,000 K, electrons and nuclei combined into neutral hydrogen. Space became transparent, and the light released at that moment streams to us today, stretched by expansion into the cosmic microwave background.

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Sources & references

The primary and reference sources this topic draws on.

  • NASANational Aeronautics and Space Administration

    Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.

    Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.

  • Planck CollaborationESA Planck mission / Planck Collaboration

    Cosmic microwave background maps and the cosmological parameters of the ΛCDM model.