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Cosmological model

Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND)

Cosmology & UniverseScientific Debate

Definition

An alternative proposal that modifies the law of gravity at very low accelerations instead of invoking dark matter.

Scientific overview

MOND, proposed by Mordehai Milgrom in 1983, adjusts Newton's second law at tiny accelerations to explain flat galaxy rotation curves without dark matter. It succeeds remarkably at the scale of individual galaxies.

Open questions

  • Can any relativistic version of MOND match the CMB and clusters?

Knowledge connections

Sources & references

The primary and reference sources this topic draws on.

  • NASANational Aeronautics and Space Administration

    Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.

    Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.